In a signal-sending move that would ripple through political, legal and technological waters, the then-president Donald Trump pardoned the creator of the notorious Silk Road online marketplace, Ross Ulbricht – who went to prison for life with no possibility of parole in 2013. Ulbricht’s arrest and punishment in 2013 made for a dramatic case study of the intersections between emerging digital marketplaces, executive authority and search for justice.
When it first arrived in 2011, the Silk Road—a black market for illegal drugs and other illicit goods—was the Wild West of the digital world. Using encryption and the Tor network, it allowed users to make payments in bitcoin, shielding them from law enforcement agencies. The arrest and charge of its creator, Ross Ulbricht, in 2013 brought the site that made bitcoin famous into the mainstream.
When Ulbricht received his life sentence, he appeared as the latest embodiment of a delicate balance between punishing criminality and promoting innovation in technology. To some, the extreme nature of the sentence made obvious the distinction between non-violent drug crimes and other, more serious crimes. To others, it was a long-overdue blow against a digital criminal enterprise.
Ulbricht became the poster boy for the burgeoning crypto community, whose members tend to worship decentralisation and digital independence – the very ideas the prosecutors said Silk Road undercut. There was huge pushback over what many in the community saw as the government’s draconian overreach against a lone prophet of digitally empowered freedom. Trump’s executive writ was only the most extreme of many moments that pulled crypto and Silk Road to the forefront of public discussion about digital marketplaces, coin logics and blockchain’s deathless promise.
The commutation of Ulbricht’s sentence offers a stark example of the executive branch’s tremendous discretion – and invites us to contemplate the limits of that discretion, particularly where questions of justice and digital governance are concerned, and to think about the expanded role of the government in regulating future technologies and the internet.
And that Ulbricht’s commutation continues to loom large over debates about digital freedom, justice and the long-term fate of the internet.
Pro-Ulbricht activists see it as part of a growing trend of executive action reflecting a compassionate recognition for the nuanced contradictions of digital crimes. Critics, meanwhile, worry that it will only be a green light for more scale and scope in illegal digital bazaars, blurring the already hazardous line between information leverage and digital mayhem.
After all, the commutation of Ulbricht’s sentence seemed to show that executive authority is an enormous, untamed wild west of digital policy and public dialogue about what constitutes internet freedom, justice and innovation going forward: executive authority, government control of the internet, siloes or common channels for digital marketplaces.
In grappling with these details, we will come to better understand the multitudes and manifestations of executive authority, the weave of the digital age, and the ongoing struggle for a new marriage of innovation, freedom and justice.
This bold decision by a rogue executive, whether mourned or welcomed, certainly reopens important discussions about executive authority, internet governance, and the boundaries of the governmental control of digital spaces. Moving forward through uncharted territory, the goal should be for citizens to enjoy a robust environment for innovation, justice, and digital freedoms governed by a strong executive office that is responsible and accountable to an informed public.
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